Editor's note: A few days ago, the US "Discovery" magazine ranked the top ten scientific news in 2012. This year, we discovered the "God Particle", explored the ancient streams on Mars, studied the healing power of bacteria, and opened private space The prologue of the times, learning to mine more clean energy, and such new discoveries are destined to make 2012 an extraordinary year for scientific development.
1. Higgs particles: the source of gravity in the world
It took decades to smash billions of dollars. In July this year, the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva finally paid off. Physicists announced that they had discovered the Higgs boson. Without this basic particle, the atoms in the universe would no longer exist, so there is no doubt that there are no stars, no planets, and no humans.
Higgs particles occupy a special place in the minds of physicists because it helps explain the puzzling natural dichotomy: Why do some particles have mass, while others do not?
After analyzing 800 trillion collisions over two years, physicists found traces of the Higgs boson in the large hadron collider. Since then, researchers will turn their attention to the theory of supersymmetry in an attempt to explain the imperfections of the standard model that currently dominates physics.
2. Robot geologists land on Mars
With the help of heat shield, parachute and rocket-powered platform, the "Curious" Mars rover landed on the surface of Mars on August 6 this year for 8 months.
The rover is equipped with the most advanced geological exploration instruments today. So far, it has taken photographs of rock formations, analyzed sediment samples, and discovered a river bed-the most direct evidence of the presence of water on Mars to date.
3. Census the inner world of the human body
There are 100 billion bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms in our body. In 2012, scientists from two large-scale projects conducted the most comprehensive census to date of the internal world of the human body.
The Human Microbiome Project, headquartered in the United States, uses genomic analysis to identify the microbes in the nose, gums, tonsils, reproductive tract, and internal organs of more than 200 Americans. At the same time, the European "Human Intestinal Microbial Genome Research Project" found that each person's body can support a variety of different microbial ecosystems, and the human microbiome varies from person to person and varies greatly.
4. The earth is going to extremes
Record heat waves, droughts, floods and ice melting, in 2012, the climate of our planet is going to extremes that have never been seen before. This has caused costly and unstable environmental disasters worldwide.
For example, due to ocean acidification, the mortality rate of oyster larvae in commercial hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest reached 80%. In the cold waters, the sea ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean shrank to 1.32 million square miles (1 mile is about 1.61 kilometers) in September, setting a record low.
5. The old dad has a new mutation
Although a large number of studies have highlighted the risk of transmitting genetic mutations through older mothers, this year's research shows that there are similar risks for older fathers. A study of individuals with autism or schizophrenia found that they received 4 times more mutations from their fathers than from their mothers.
A number of studies in 2012 showed that the increase in the age of fathers in Western countries may have led to an increase in autism in recent years.
6. Opening of the private space era
In the past decade, industry insiders have been predicting that private space flight is coming, but it wasn't until 2012 that SpaceX finally turned this dream into reality. In May, SpaceX ’s Dragon spacecraft became the first non-governmental aircraft to interface with the International Space Station.
In the next few years, NASA hopes that these commercial flights will successfully send astronauts into space, and many commercial flight companies are also actively preparing for private space tourism.
7. Idea control robot debut
After 14 years of paralysis, Katie Hutchinson, 58, took a cup of coffee, took it to his mouth, and took a sip. This is the best coffee she has ever had in her life. Hutchinson accomplished this feat by controlling the robotic arm with his mind.
The technology was developed by the Brain Research Institute of Brown University. The silicon chip implanted by the researchers in Hutchinson's brain allows high-resolution observation of the electrical signals of their neurons. They asked Katie to imagine that he was performing a basic task with his arm, and then observe how his brain reacted. By matching her movements with corresponding neural signals, the researchers were able to write computer code to translate her ideas into robot arm movements.
This brain implantation technology may bring hope to cure patients who have lost control of their limbs in the future. By identifying how and where brain functions differ from healthy people, the application of this technology can also be extended to people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression.
8. Depicting the Dark Universe
Scientists still do not know what dark matter really is. Thanks to the progress made in cosmology in 2012, they have at least some understanding of how dark matter works.
By measuring curved light, a sign of the presence of invisible dark matter, the researchers compiled the largest dark matter map to date. The measurement range of the map spans 1 billion light years, which sounds very huge, but actually covers less than 0.4% of the magnificent sky. Astrophysicists have also discovered that a gamma ray stream is in the center of the galaxy. They suspect that it comes from dark matter particles, which is a signal released when two weakly interacting particles meet.
9. Social jetlag reaction
Some studies this year have emphasized the importance of 8 hours of sleep and regular work and rest. Lack of sleep can hinder the body's ability to break down sugar, and your brain's ability to tell you when you are full. If you do n’t get enough sleep in a week and try to make up for it on the weekend, your chances of depression and obesity will increase. If you sleep less and less and are still insomnia, then your risk of high blood pressure will also increase. The researchers also found a relationship between sleep disorders and Alzheimer's disease, cancer mortality, and high blood sugar (precursors of type 2 diabetes). For health, make up your mind to sleep well in 2013!
10. Natural gas boom rewrites energy rules
This year, natural gas leaped to the top of US electricity production, threatening coal-burning dominance for 120 years, and pushing US carbon emissions to the lowest level in 20 years.
Natural gas produces only half the carbon dioxide emissions, but its extraction is relatively more difficult. Hydraulic fracturing is suspected of contaminating nearby aquifers and triggering small earthquakes near drilling wells. Methane leaking from drilling is sufficient in some cases to offset the environmental reputation that natural gas enjoys.
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